The Critical Theory of Patriarchy has been developed in the last 20 years (Werlhof, Behmann 2010).
It is based
explain the tremendous difficulties, if not the impossibility, of a general conscious and peaceful
global change towards post-capitalist-patriarchal social relations, so urgently needed now.
Critical Theory of Patriarchy has identified the struggles of the Left for a new socialism as a project of
industrial society and thus of patriarchy. The Left cannot present alternatives to the crises of today. This
insight is one of the results of the cooperation with Immanuel Wallerstein, the founder of the Modern
World System theory, which began in the 1980s (cf. last time, Werlhof 2004). However, our concept of
patriarchy, capitalist patriarchy and the critique of modern technology as the so-called “development of
the productive forces”, and of “progress” as “patriarchal” have not yet been discussed by many Modern
World System theorists. André Gunder Frank, for example, did not want to consider the category of
patriarchy, even if it had enriched his unusual and far-reaching intent to understand not only 500 but 5000
years of “World Systems” (cf. Frank, Gills 1999).
We do not see how alternatives to the Modern World System can emerge from it as the Modern,
Capitalist World System of Patriarchy. We are more related to indigenous alternatives in the global South
that stem from pre-colonial, mostly matriarchal civilizations, which are still or again practiced worldwide
(by the Zapatistas, cf. Werlhof 1997b, the Bolivian “Rights for Mother Earth” or “Pachamama”
Movement, the Indian “Earth Democracy” Movement, cf. Shiva 2005, or Brazilian Liberation Theology,
cf. Boff 2010). These alternatives can also be found in the pre-patriarchal history of the global North (cf.
Gimbutas 1991; Eisler 1987; Derungs 1993).
2. Concepts: The Modern World System as a failed utopia; the definition of patriarchy as an opposition to matriarchy;
and the technological project of patriarchy as an opposition to nature
Western modernity can be characterized as a civilization that tries by all means to materialize the utopia
of a supposedly “better” and “higher” life. Today, with the “globalization” of neo-liberalism as the most
advanced form of capitalist/modern world patriarchy, war, economy and technology, it is evident that this
project has failed. Instead of a supposed heaven, we are facing hell on earth, already experienced by
masses of people in the global South (Chossudovsky, Marshall 2010).
There exists, nevertheless, no explanation for this “development of underdevelopment” (Frank 1967). The
confusion can first be met by using a “larger telescope” (Mies 2003). This means to compare the two
central forms of civilization in human history – on the one hand the egalitarian and co-operative
matriarchal civilization in tune with nature and life, and on the other hand the hierarchical patriarchal one
trying to dominate nature and life. The approximately 5000-year-old patriarchal society has reached its
climax of material realization with modernity. Nearly all of the relationships of the original matriarchal
civilizations of the world, including growing parts of nature itself, have been “replaced” by a
“progressive” counter-world and counter-nature in form of “capital” (the commodity, modern money,
machinery, systems of domination). This destructive transformation - that could not have been realized
with “tools”, but is based on continuous wars, processes of “primitive accumulation” inside and outside
of Europe, and the development of the “natural” sciences - has been glorified as “peaceful”, “civilized”,
“productive”, “humane” and “creative”. It defines “capitalist patriarchy” or the Modern World System,
including “socialism”. It is futuristic and utopian as it proclaims the possibility to construct a better
alternative to life, matter, mothers, nature and ultimately to the suppressed matriarchies.
The failure of western civilization as the Modern World System can be observed today on a global level
as well as on all levels of human, animal and plant existence, including the elements themselves, though
this is of course not really recognized “officially” and much less “explained”, neither by political and
social groups and institutions nor by the sciences in general. On the contrary, in spite of the planetary
crises in all aspects of life, which are developing their synergetic effects and may even lead to a general
collapse of the fundamental conditions for the maintenance of life on earth as such, nearly all of those
who comment on this system(atical) crisis still maintain the idea of infinite progress and development, of
industrial society as the best form of civilization in history and of rationality as the highest form of
intelligence (critics by Jaeger 2008; Werlhof 2008; Projektgruppe 2009; O´ Leary 2010).
In view of this paradox, we can use our new and newly defined theoretical concepts that are mutually
interrelated and can explain the overall “logic” of the failure of modern civilization as a “necessary” one:
in the long run, the "war logic" of destruction cannot be a success.
Our approach is based on a new and much broader as well as more complex and detailed concept of
“patriarchy” that brings a new, “technical”, definition and “periodization” of it into the debate. This
definition exceeds by far the usual understanding of patriarchy as the domination of the father or the man
in the family, society and/or the state and leads to a new understanding of industrial society by linking it
to the much longer global historical development of patriarchy.
By doing this, the patriarchal “project” - or delusion - of constructing a new world, which is opposed to
the existing one, could be identified. This is the reason why patriarchy is so much occupied with
techniques that would help in this respect only.
The utopian “New and Better World” Project that directly and deeply opposes the former matriarchal
world and absorbs the whole of nature and Earth itself in the course of its development as a form of
“divide, transform and rule!” has been propagated since the beginnings of patriarchy. Its main
characteristic is: “alchemy“!
This was my main “discovery”, when I tried to find out which category would define the transformation
process from the patriarchal past into capitalism as the patriarchal present (Werlhof 1997a, 2001, 2004,
2009b).
3. “Alchemy” as the link between the past patriarchy and the present, “capitalist” one:
the Modern World System as a patriarchal “Civilization of Alchemists“, and a “System of War”
In Critical Theory of Patriarchy, “alchemy” is understood as a world view and an “interdisciplinary
science”, technique, ideology, religion and “psychology” in form of a quest for patriarchal male identity
and “individuation”. Alchemy – one of its translations being “black mud of the Nile” – has its origins in
the matriarchal garden-civilizations of the so called Paradise (the Persian word for garden). After their
conquest by war, the method of the beginnings of patriarchy as a societal order (Dieckvoss 2003), the
alchemical tradition is passed over to patriarchs and experiences big changes and total perversions. The
purpose of alchemy under more or less patriarchal conditions is no longer related to a cooperation with
nature and a good life of the community, but defined by trying to realize the “Gnostic” utopia of a “male
creation” that is supposed to be higher, better and more divine than the natural or female, matriarchal one.
The new, alchemical idea of a creation under male control, or even as an independent male “creation”, is
based on the negation, transformation, destruction and “replacement” of the female creation, of nature in
general and ultimately of the human being itself. This way, destruction is becoming the pre-condition of
“creation” or “production”, a conscious deterioration the pre-condition for a supposed “improvement”!
Starting in the wars of conquest of matriarchal civilizations and in the laboratories of single alchemists,
the idea of a male “creation by destruction” was developed, using the warriors experience and
justification, his techniques, the enrichment as a result of war as plunder and experiments on the basis of
still pre-patriarchal knowledge. Alchemical experiments were in the beginning very much related to those
of shamans, blacksmiths and metallurgy in service of war (cf. Eliade 1980). These experiments have been
meditative and immaterial as well as material and practical. In any case, they are systematically
separating and dissolving living matter, trying to overcome time by speed and generally aiming at
surmounting nature and her cycles, life and death. Alchemy under patriarchy intends to become
independent from mothers and nature in bringing death to life/matter – “mortification” – as well as in
“creating” life, and in becoming active in transforming the origins and “Gestalt” of existing matter by re-
combining separate matters in the alchemist´s final “Opus Magnum” – “Solve et Coagula” (Schütt 2000).
The result of the procedure is supposed to be the “philosopher's stone”, a symbol of ultimate power over
nature.
Alchemy, however, is starting its general and global career only with modernity, embracing in the end the
whole world and finally our planet. Most of the literature on alchemy argues that alchemy was a failure
already in antiquity, not to speak of the “Latin” middle ages, as it did never succeed in producing gold
and life and has therefore allegedly been abolished until the end of the 18th century. My concept of
alchemy as a violent patriarchal technique and general method of an artificial male creation, however,
proves not only its ongoing existence but also its final “success” insofar as it has become the ideological,
religious, psychological and practical basis of modern technology (machinery), science and “progress”,
and of capitalism in general, extending to a sort of economic, social and political alchemy (Werlhof,
man.).
In the texts and justifications of modern progress, it is argued that all matter/life has to be appropriated,
brought to the laboratory, cut into pieces, put together with other materials and be transformed into
something supposedly higher, better and more civilized. This is nothing else than the alchemical form of
destruction – “mortification” in Latin alchemy – which, as we have seen, is followed by the intended
“Opus Magnum” of a new, now male creation of matter/life, which is not necessarily born but made -
today through machine technology - and which is supposed to be much “higher” than the supposedly
“low”, bad and uncivilized, if not sinful, creations of mothers and Mother Nature.
This generalization of modern alchemy does not mean, however, it has not failed at the same time. The
project of dominating living nature as a whole, on a micro- as well as on a macro-level, its exploitation,
dissection and transformation into “dead capital”, and the intents to replace it by a “second nature”
(Bruiger 2006) of a “new life” or “industrial society” cannot work. The times of "ostrich policies" are
over as the effects have become planetary in their dimensions.
All this has become obvious to many people who have started a search for an alternative world and
relationship to nature, also on a technical level. But, as they do generally not have an analysis of alchemy
from the point of view of patriarchy, they even think of pre-modern alchemy as an alternative to modern
science and technology! (cf. Wilson, Bamford, Townley 2007). Such illusions have to be stopped. They
do not lead out of our dilemma.
The belief in alchemical principles is obviously very old and a religious one, based on the patriarchal idea
of the “Creator” as a male God beyond nature, mothers, the Goddess and Earth. From then on (Assmann
2003) it was apparently only this God who was able to “make” matter and life exist, and this not only in
the beginning, but also after it as well: from the perspective of progress, Man thinks it his calling to
improve creation in a supposedly divine manner as if He could act like God on Earth. This is what
alchemy and science or progress are about, the alchemists /scientists/capitalists trying to become divine
creators on Earth, godly “Fathers” of a new, “pure” and better matter – like gold – and of a new and better
life – a “new” human being, or today even a “post-human” one (Weizenbaum 1976; Rifkin 1983;
Schirrmacher 2001; Werlhof 2010a).
Patriarchy as a utopia can be materially realized only via a successful male “creation by destruction”.
From this perspective, modernity with industrial society was and is the huge worldwide intent spreading
from Europe by means of colonialism, imperialism, war and “globalization”, in order to develop such a
“pure” patriarchy without any matriarchal remnants and dependencies, be they related to women, mothers
or Mother Nature.
I therefore call the developed Modern World System of today the “civilization of alchemists”, since
nearly everybody has become a part of this indeed “Great Transformation” (Polanyi 1978) of the world
into a machine for the globally growing “creation” by destruction: commodity production, modern
money, machinery and command – “capital”. Capital, as the most important result of modern alchemy, is
indeed regarded to be the new gold (cf. Binswanger 1985) and even “life”. But the alchemical production
process, not to mention its most modern forms, is not peaceful at all, though the system tries by all means
to hide its systematic violence. Hence I call it a “system of war”. This war is occurring every day and
does not have to be “declared”. “Life”, nevertheless, can principally not be created by alchemy, neither in
earlier times nor today. On the contrary, under the regime of alchemy, life is dying out. This shows that it
is possible to kill life, but not to bring it into being artificially. In alchemical terms: mortification is
working, but the Opus Magnum is not, and the idea of the philosopher´s stone is vanishing into the
nowhere!
The West's failure is due to the “alchemical” destruction of the world and the so-called natural
“resources”; a destruction that is thought of, theologically proclaimed and fetishized as “creation”.
Wherever and whatever alchemy is used for, it is applied by following the same principles. But the
counter-productivity of the patriarchal project's “necessary” violence can neither be recognized nor given
up by its “elites”, most of the men and always more women in this world. It would mean to renounce
patriarchy and patriarchal civilization, and not only 500 but 5000 years of it! The utopian dream of
modern civilization to be or become finally detached from history, nature, and the female part of the
species, will not become true.
Critical Theory of Patriarchy helps to leave behind the confusion, ideologies, illusions, belief systems and
propaganda about “the West” and the Modern World System. It allows for a completely new insight into
the real, long-term character of modern civilization at the very moment of its failure, and it is therefore
necessary for all those who want and have to move forward to real, “deep” alternatives. Patriarchy or
Life! This has become the question of today.
4. The War System as a planetary one: a new “Military Alchemy” and the threat for planet Earth;
explaining the existence of technologies using the whole planet as weapon
Mostly unnoticed by the public and academics, the latest developments in military technology since
World War II (Bertell 2000) show that the Modern World System of Patriarchy has reached its ultimate
goal: the intent to subject, change and control not only nature and (wo)man, but also the planet itself. The
Military tries to convert it from a living “Mother Earth” into a “system” that can be switched on and off
like a machine (Werlhof 2011). The Earth as a whole is irresponsibly and criminally put at risk by the
purposeful use of technologies that are transforming the planet itself into a weapon of mass-destruction:
instead of nuclear armament – “nuclear alchemy” (Wagner 1970, Bertell 1985) – the new non-nuclear one
is working with “plasma weapons, weather wars and geo-engineering” (Bertell 2010, Hamilton 2010). It
seems as if the biblical, lightning-and-thunder-throwing God Jahwe has become incarnated! In “Slowly
Wrecking our Planet”, Bertell describes the negative effects on the order of life of planet Earth which can
be identified in the partly destruction of the atmosphere and atmospheric layers, the ozone hole, a
wobbling of the planets course and the dangerous interferences in its magnetic field inside as well as
outside of it (Bertell 2010).
Most of these realities that we experience as climate change or natural
catastrophes, for instance, are already undermining the oldest belief of (wo)mankind: our deep confidence
in Mother Nature. Is this loss occurring in any ones interest? For Europeans this has happened already
once, namely at the beginnings of modern society, when nature – like woman – was presented to the
people as a bad and violent, demonic and dangerous stepmother instead of a caring, peaceful and
nurturing mother of all beings (Merchant 1980). In fact, the program to dominate nature by modern
science was developed at the same time. The realities we are facing today, on the other side, cannot
simply be explained as a “revenge” of nature to carbon emissions, though in the climate change debate
they are presented as such. They are instead to an unknown percentage produced by the use of artificially
created super-powerful electromagnetic waves through “ionospheric heaters” (!) in installations like
HAARP in Alaska, “Woodpecker” in Russia and in about ten further places on the globe, known
originally as Nicola Tesla´s (1856-1943) inventions (Tesla 1997). They were the result of a rather
alternative view of the earth and the solar system as a living – “electro-magnetic” – interconnectedness,
and opposed to the mainstream of scientists who since the 16th century have had a mechanistic
understanding of the earth and the planetary system as a sort of dead mechanism.
Instead of using the peaceful potential of Tesla´s inventions for the urgently needed alternatives (O`Leary 2010), the military
in the East and the West took over the patents and used them for the opposite. They seem unable to
imagine anything else than seizing power as if “might is right” (Bertell), destroying life and appropriating
the “global commons”, establishing control over everything by violent transformation, now of the planet
itself – and propagating this procedure as a “progress” in the domination and “improvement” of nature
and Earth herself! The entire scale of the negative effects of these experiments is not known at all, at least
not to the public, which is not allowed to know. This ignorance is leading the public again to the wrong
conclusion, namely that even more domination of nature is needed! Because, what is at stake is the
ultimate step to gain power over humankind, the totality of the planet and its “alchemical” transformation
into a “better” one, which means, into a destroyed one.
Today the military and related economic and political interest groups are on the way to establish a literal
“system of war” – the totalitarian “New World Order” – as the last outcome of the modern “civilization of
alchemists”.
At this point of an apparent “success” of the powerful, which is still hiding the catastrophes that are
already under way and will be accumulated further on if not stopped in time, the general failure of
western civilization as the Modern World System can be observed on a new and last dimension, the
planetary level. The unimaginable mega-crimes to which the Earth and all living creatures on it are more
and more exposed, for instance by a steadily growing number of experiments with the planet and their
cumulative effects, could even lead to an overall “Omnicide” (Bertell 1986) or “Terracide” (Hoags 2010).
Who can speak of "success" in face of these incredible dangers?
We, hundreds of women and a minority of men founded the “Planetary Movement for Mother Earth” in
Germany in May 2010 (Werlhof 2010b). We have to do something about the situation of our planet and
we will - together with other already existing social movements - try to inform and mobilize as many
people as possible worldwide!
5. Conclusions:
I do not know if any other theoretical approach exists that is able to explain the unimaginable horror and
megalomania of the new “Military Alchemy”. For Critical Theory of Patriarchy it is “easy”, but we do not
consider this to be a triumph. We would rather like to be wrong! (cf. Klein 2007).
Our approach has widened the analysis and added something to it, which was necessary in order to fully
understand the crisis of today and the alternatives to it that need to be discussed and practiced. The crucial
difference between our approach and the Modern World System analysis is our critique of modernity as
“patriarchal”, which is why we do not believe in its capacity to lead to the needed alternative. On the
contrary, we are looking for remnants of our matriarchal past and present as a “second culture” (Genth
1996) underneath patriarchy. These are the source of our endeavor for today and the future.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Claudia von Werlhof was born in 1943 in Berlin; 1988 Professor of Political Science/Women's Studies, University Innsbruck (Austria); Latin American Studies, University Bielefeld (Germany); PhD 1974, Habilitation 1984. Empirical research: Central and South America; Theoretical contributions: Critical Theory of Patriarchy. She founded, with many others, the
Planetary Movement for Mother Earth and, more recently, the
BOOMERANG Journal for the Critique of Patriarchy.
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